Lg Global Strategy Essay

This assignment focusses on LG’s Global Strategy looking into their operations in Brazil and India as well as researching minor parts of their efforts in Australia, China and the USA. LG (Lucky GoldStar) operates in the Consumer Electronics Industry on an international scale. The sources of information used for empirical evidence range from Academic journals and Interviews with LG Directors to information gathered from the LG press website and other academic online resources. To evaluate LG’s strategy one must access its worth, its usefulness and whether LG’s decisions and investments turned into tangible revenue. To understand LG’s Global Strategy success one must understand LG’s background. LG started in 1947 as a cosmetics cream manufacturer. LG expanded in to many industries in later years, eventually LG operated in the consumer electronics market. LG has turned into a very successful multinational company now, in the past two decades LG Electronics’ market share had grown at 22% from  £130 million in the 1980s to  £65 million the 1990s and  £7.1 billion by early 2005. LG owed much of its success to the South Korean Government’s incentive rich market it provided for the consumer electronics market. President Park Chung Hee of South Korea enacted the Economic Development Plan, which aimed to help the electronics industry by making it the national priority sector that would be developed. As a result, many western companies came to set up joint ventures, LG partnered with Philips, a European electronics company. LG-Philips became the largest manufacturer of flat screen TVs in world. By 2006, the group’s sales revenues massed up to $23 billion, making profits of $500 million. Of all of LG’s various revenue streams, LG Electronics provided 47% of the total revenue. LG knew they had to operate in the consumer electronics market internationally. LG was encouraged to invest in localized research and development by the Government making extensive amounts of research infrastructure. This particular point is one of the most important methods by which LG implemented a successful Global Strategy. During the mid-1980s over 120 private research institutes and 18 research consortia were created. (W. R. Shin and A. Ho, 1997.) Having high quality research and development infrastructure allowed LG to create a series of products that were tailored to the needs of South Korea. LG learnt from this episode that research and development created a competitive advantage for its products, and this was something they had to do in every countries across the globe instead of selling a set of standardized products. During the 1990s LG started a International Strategy that aimed to capitalize on the emerging BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China). LG started in Brazil by building a manufacturing plant in Manaus creating televisions and VCR’s to be sold around Brazil. The Government of Brazil offered low-tax rate incentives for businesses to build manufacturing plants in underdeveloped areas as well as subsidizing land for investors setting up operations. LG took full advantage of these incentives to establish themselves in Brazil. Brazil In the 1990’s had very high import tariffs, low brand recognition and had high competition in the grey goods market. In 1990, exchange rates plummeted making planning for businesses very difficult. Global players in Brazil decided to withdraw their operations or terminate them entirely. This provided a turning point for LG, they decided to expand their presence and create a strategy that would make Brazil a manufacturing hub for exports in South America and the USA. The fall in Brazils’s currency allowed LG to take on some low-cost advantages that make exporting very advantageous(Ramaswamy, K. 2007). LG was the largest exporter of electronic goods in South America. LG now tackled the areas of marketing and financial management to clamp down it presence in Brazil. LG wasn’t well recognized in Brazil so it needed to build some strong customer awareness. LG took advantage of the immense national popularity of football and started a branding campaign with sports events sponsorship. The LG sponsored a high ranking national football team in Sao Paolo(Ramaswamy, K. 2007), this brought immediate brand recognition to it’s products. LG now needed to transfer its brand recognition into tangible revenue though customizing it’s products to suit the needs of Brazilians. LG’s consumer electronics were a refreshing taste to Brazil’s market, LG gave most of its products a 3 year warranty pairing that with their promise of instant service if a customer’s product failed or broke-down. It used repair service vans able to reach a customer’s location in short time period. This helped ensure customers would receive a high level of quality and reliability from LG, this proved to be a worth-while competitive advantage over other competitors. LG’s efforts in Brazil certainly reflected a good example of a well implemented global strategy. They took advantages of the Governments tax incentives, furthermore LG filled the void in the consumer electronics market that was created by previous companies leaving when times got tough and created a strong marketing campaign. The best measure of their strategy’s success in Brazil is that in 2006 LG posted sales of  £1.2 billion, a 36% increase compared to the previous year. LG’s well implemented strategy in Brazil clearly led to market domination and a high profit. This was a strong international strategy, and LG adopted similar tactics in India. LG started operating in India when the Indian Government created advantageous market reforms allowing foreign companies to establish their own wholly owned subsidiaries in India. LG quickly took advantage of these reforms and created LGEIL (LGE India Ltd.) in 1997. LGEIL’s first factory was built in Greater Noida(40km from New Delhi), which manufactured washing machines, televisions, air conditioners and refrigerators. Mr Kwang-Ro Kim, Managing Director at the time said, â€Å"We knew it was important, for example, not to downgrade the Indian market and instead to treat it seriously as we would any developed market†, he goes on to explain â€Å"this meant preparing a preparing a full strategy and emphasizing good-quality products, the best technology, the best network and access to the best people†(Kim, K. R. 2005.). LG created these specialized products with vast research and development infrastructure, just like they had in South Korea. Local research and development teams were made to create product variations that were designed for the unique demands of India’s market. For example, they launched a cricket television set that had a built-in cricket game to take advantage of the millions of people who adored cricket in India. LGEIL’s Golden Eye technology used in TV’s allowed the brightness of the screen to be adjusted to the surrounding level of light., this proved to be an important feature because India is very prone to power supply imbalances that effect lighting intensity. Furthermore, they designed an air filtration system to keep it’s air conditioners working efficiently. This design was implemented because India’s metropolitan areas have high levels of particulate pollution. Its home appliance products were fitted with circuits able to handle the regular voltage fluctuations Indian households had. LG presented â€Å"an ‘Indianised’ face to its products but keeping the technology at global standards†(Mathur, U. C. 2010). These variations in products brought a refreshing taste to the Indian home appliance market. One problem LGEIL faced was the geographical diversity and India’s lack of infrastructure making distribution of it products difficult. To reach small towns and villages in India a solid distribution system needed to be adopted, their tiered approach allowed an anchoring regional distributor to supply cities and then complimented this system with offices in remote areas for the small towns. This system encompassed 4,000 access points to reach the masses to India’s giant population. A website called lgezbuy.com helped their distribution with online ordering as well as providing detailed information about their products and comparative pricing for different areas of the country. This was the first attempt by a major electronic goods manufacture and proved successful by creating another competitive advantage for LG. Customer Service was an important part of LGEIL’s strategy, just as they did in Brazil, they provided repair vehicles for reaching remote areas in short periods of time. Vans were fitted with electrical generators to ensure appliances could be fixed even in a country with regular blackouts. This was unseen to the Indian Market from any other competitor and became very favorable for customers. â€Å"This ‘walking-after sales service’ allowed traveling crews to cover ares that were previously unaccessible(Lee, D. W. 2005). This gave LG a competitive advantage over its Indian market competitors such as Onida or Whirlpool. In terms of marketing strategy, LGEIL decided to sponsor an Indian Cricket team. This proved such a success that LG decided to sponsor the Cricket World Cup in 2002(LG. 2009). LG became the largest sponsor of cricket in the world and this gained instant brand recognition for them across India, a country full of millions of cricket fanatics. A strong marketing campaign reaching customers all over India; LG’s localized product range and services provided with the products paid off rich dividends. LG’s â€Å"turnover for 2002 crossed Rs. 3000 Crore, that is a 37% increase on the previous year†(Mathur, U. C. 2010), that’s  £38million. LGEIL clearly beat their competitors, for example in the color television market LG had a market share of 26.4% and their nearest competitor, Onida, only had 10.8%. In the refrigerator market LG had a market share of 30.9%, Whirlpool, their nearest competitor only had 23.6%(Sinha, P. R. 2005)[1]. This was the same story with all their other home appliances. Clearly LG was making considerable profit and stood out from their competitors by providing quality products and services. But LG knew they had to do more to establish a strong foothold in India. LG had to demonstrate to India that they were not purely profit driven; they believed this would give LG a credible name in India and gain the loyalty from the Indian market. LG subsidized primary schools and gave educational books to children. They even built a village school close to manufacturing facilities. Local employees were staffed for most of the top managerial positions of LGEIL. This managerial tactic allowed a South Korean company to appear as an Indian business. These resulted in huge good-will from Indian customers which was the final tie in a successfully implemented Strategy. In 2006 Mr Nam Woo, President of LG Electronics (LG), unveiled LG’s ambitious plans to grow its presence in China. LG had leant many lessons from its early missions in emerging markets such as Brazil and India that would help LG stay a dominate global player. â€Å"We want to make China a strategic base for our business, so we must be a leader not only in sales, but also in research and development and in localization.†(Liu Baijia, 2006). LG took advantage of China’s cheap labour costs and soon where able to â€Å"leverage an entire manufacturing network to serve countries such as Russia and the USA† (Ramaswamy, K. 2007). This is evidence of LG looking elsewhere to export their products, this was an integral part to LG’s Global Strategy. Not every part of LG’s strategy was perfect though, many of their products were recalled, for example, in Australia 2009 some of LG’s refrigerators broke down due to faulty wiring â€Å"which resulted in reduced insulation from electricity passing through. It could cause minor electric shocks†(Global Data, 2009). Furthermore LG had to â€Å"recall it’s Spyder Cell Phones in the USA†¦over 30,000 cell phones of this type were in use† (Global Data, 2009). This adversely affected their brand name and shows lack for careful attention to product design which reflects a bad global strategy, this showed similar results to their efforts in the USA. LG started to look towards providing its products in the West, most notably the USA, an already challenging market. LG started supplying US stores with its home appliances such as microwave ovens and toasters. The conquest for shelf space was extremely difficult because of LG’s poor brand recognition as well as questions about LG’s product reliability and quality. The USA was not the place for LG to display its products. The products that the USA consumer electronic market wanted were the more fashionable European and Japanese home appliance products. LG failed to create a series of products the USA market wanted in comparison to its competitors. This clearly shows a weak strategy in LG selling its products global. Overall, the international strategy LG implemented shows a pattern, in emerging economies such as Brazil and India, LG thrived, however in developed economies such as Australia and the USA, LG was unsuccessful. LG’s successes derived from 3 key areas that created a useful and worth-while international strategy. Firstly, they invested heavily in research and development to create products that suited the needs of the local market. LG now has over â€Å"36 research and development activities worldwide† (Global Data, 2009). Secondly, they pursued a marketing strategy that targeted each country’s whole population. In both Brazil, and India we see LG sponsoring sports events and teams which was a great way to create instant brand recognition across each country. Thirdly, LG treated emerging markets seriously by providing quality products complimented with high caliber services, this was a worth-while decision because countries like Brazil and India hadn’t been subject to this kind of service. The content researched is very interesting and insightful and poses the question, ‘Can these three factors be applied as a international strategy for any multinational company?’. To fully evaluate LG’s international one must further research there operations in Russia and China. Whilst LG showed signs of weaknesses, their international strategy gave their products and services a competitive advantage over their competitors making them market leaders in specific countries. LG’s efforts created LG a net income of over $13.1 billion in 2011 due to their global presence and is ranked 47th in the Fortune 500 companies, these achievements derived from what was a successful International strategy. Bibliography W. R. Shin and A. Ho, 1997. Industrial transformation: Interactive decision-making process in creating a global industry. Public Administration Quarterly. Summer. Kannan Ramaswamy, 2007. LG Electronics: Global Strategy in Emerging Markets. Understanding Global Strategy. Kwang-Ro Kim, 2005. Premium Marketing to the Masses: An interview with LG Electronics Managing Director. The McKinsey Quarterly Special Edition: Fulfilling India’s Promise C. Mathur, 2010. Global Business Strategies. LG Group. Pg 290 Duk-Woo Lee, 2005. LG the No.1 company in India. LG News. february, Vol. 24 LG, 2009. Asia and Pacific Sponsorship, the Cricket World Cup. LG Press Website. (URL http://www.lg.com/global/about-lg/corporate-information/global-sports-sponsorship/cricket-world-cup.jsp) P. R. Sinha. 2005 Premium marketing to the masses: An interview with LG Electronics India’s Managing Director. McKinsey Quarterly. Liu Baijia, 2006. LG wants local managers to aid growth. China Daily. April 20, 2006 Global Data, 2009. SWOT Analysis of LG.

Slasher Films in the Pakistani Cinema

Pakistan is a developing country that has been struggling for decades in its many eras, ranging from business to the cinema. Despite the tussle, it has managed to develop its film and television industry rapidly. â€Å"Lollywood† is a term that was coined back in the day to glamorously describe the cinema culture of Pakistan. Though, as we all know, in comparison to Bollywood and Hollywood, Lollywood, in majority has not been much popular. Nevertheless, upon profoundly observing the television industry of Pakistan, one learns that it is much more refined and efficacious in contrast to the film sector.Particularly, in the present times, the drama or television industry, as you may call it, is flourishing not just locally but all around the globe, reaching out to many Pakistanis and providing them with twenty four hours of fruitful entertainment. Pakistani Cinema has touched upon a variety of genres which predominantly revolve around documentaries, dramas, thrillers, horror, rom ance and action. This paper will, however, depict and deliberate upon a subgenre of horror films; slasher films in Pakistan.A slasher film is preeminently defined as a horror film which involves the use of an unearthly weapon such as an axe by a psychopathic slaughterer who mainly pertains to aggressively slaying a number of victims. These movies follow specific cinematic techniques where close-ups and special effects are used in a variety of ways, primarily representing women as sexual objects. The conception of showing the â€Å"Final Girl† rescuing herself is the foremost ideology a slasher film ordinarily focuses on.Over the years, Lollywood has managed to accomplish the two most successful horror films using the true slasher and storyline techniques; Zinda Laash (â€Å"Dracula in Pakistan/The Living Corpse†) and Zibah Khana (â€Å"Hell’s Ground†) produced in 1967 and 2007 respectively. It is interesting to know that the recent production; Hellâ€℠¢s Ground makes continuous relations with the thirty year old film; Zinda Laash. However, the two devour excessive amount of differences; in regard to the slasher film techniques and gender based critique which will be discussed in this essay. Dracula in Pakistan† was filmed in the late 60’s; however, when released, it sprang a cascade of fear amongst the Pakistanis. According to (The Indian Express, 2012), a woman from the audience was agonized by a heart attack. It was also the first movie produced in Pakistan to be categorized as â€Å"X-rated† along with being screened at two international film festivals. (IMDB) Zinda Laash is considered as a plagiarized production; an elucidation of Hammer’s Classic â€Å"Dracula. † (The HotSpot Online) The plot begins with a scientist; Dr.Tabani accomplishing his test experiment to gain immortality followed by the introduction of his assistant; a buxom woman who discovers the â€Å"dead body† of the sci entist and decides to store it in a coffin. To her astonishment, the corpse comes to life and she is his first victim. The story continues with a somnolent traveller, Dr. Aqil who does not consider the rumors of the existence of the immortals to be true, entering the mansion of the â€Å"Khabees Rooh†. Though, he soon discovers the veracity and chooses to end the cycle of plague, but is evidently futile.The film further revolves around a Dr. Aqil’s wife-to-be; Shabnam, who is also a victim of Dr. Tabani and how immortality fails her appallingly. As petrifying Zinda Laash might have been in the 60’s, it most certainly isn’t disturbing in relation to the modern day standards. One might find it rigorously monotonous but humorous at the same time as it depicts alluring and peculiar dances by women. Zinda Laash strongly caters to the â€Å"Male Gaze† throughout the hundred minutes of its run time; from the introduction to the climax and the conclusion.T hroughout the course, the audience experiences a range of dance numbers by either one or many women. The initial portrayal of the sexuality of women instigates when the assistant is lured by her â€Å"dead† boss in the middle of the dark hours. The woman is dressed in a knee length night gown with revealed skin and cleavage; identifying her as a sex object. For being a Pakistani production of the 60’s era, the cinematic techniques capturing the body of the woman can definitely be labeled as â€Å"obscene. The attack demonstrates sensuality in the facial expressions of the woman with the sluggish movement of closeness between the victim and the attacker pouring a sense of sexual tension amongst the audience. Followed by the frightening shrieks of the woman, violence against women is highlighted significantly; a woman is powerless in front of a man. Later, as the weary traveller arrives and adjusts comfortably at the mansion after a warm welcome by Dr. Tabani, one notic es Dr. Aqil setting a photo frame of his beloved fiancee he truly misses. Dr.Tabani enters his room to ensure comfort and malignly admires the photo by calling it â€Å"Khoobsurat. † It is enigmatically bizarre how Dr. Tabani ignores to make Dr. Aqil his next victim who is right there and instead wishes to suck blood out of a woman. Malevolent thoughts instantly stutter through the attacker’s head about the woman; further enhancing the violence against women. As the night gets gloomy and murky, one notices Dr. Aqil being effortlessly distracted by the giggles of a woman; the vampire bride. He gets up to follow the chuckles; his facial expressions visibly expose his urge for sexual desire.Discovering the origin of the chortles, Dr. Aqil finds a mysterious female, dancing with â€Å"voluptuous sensuality† (The HotSpot Online) dressed in a lightly lined white dress to attract him towards her. There is undeniably a connotation attached to the actions of the woman in this scene; she uses her sexuality to fulfill her need to feed upon the man for survival. The man finally submits himself to her and is attacked by the vampire bride. This explains how the religion of Islam fears the power of female sexual attraction over men.Imam Ghazali’s interpretation is also highlighted during this part of the film; female aggression is tuned outwards and she sexually entices men. Captivatingly, this occurrence is intermittent by Dr. Tabani; the vampire, who pushes the woman; once again showing the physical power of man over woman. Wretchedly, Dr. Aqil is masticated and is fated to earn immortality. Nonetheless, before fronting his destiny, he tries to put an end to the outrageous veracity by using a â€Å"knife† as the weapon of destruction, but fails terribly. Incongruously, a dance number is presented right after Dr.Aqil becomes a casualty of immortality. This dance sequence is similar to the many others shown during the film at odd intervals. This particular sequence comprised of a woman dancing dressed in a half sleeve top and pants in front of a crowd of men in majority. Vulgarity strikes not only in her clothing this time, but in the movement of her physique in sync with the song lyrics which were chanted by a man as he made hand gestures pointing towards the dancer; â€Å"Udhar Jawani, Idhar Nasha. † The lyrics clearly indicate the drunken men relishing the â€Å"jawaani† of the female performing.The theme of sexuality is reinforced with the entrance of Dr. Aqil’s brother as he is interrupted with another dance number, this time comprising of many women dancing for their own entertainment instead of one woman dancing to entertain a crowd. This dance comprises of Dr. Aqil’s fiancee, Shabnam dressed in shalwar kameez; the national dress of Pakistan, dancing with her friends. However, the fitting of the clothing catered to the male gaze once again. The shirts are of normal length but tremend ously body-hugging from the hip, hence outlining he body shape. These women also wore perfectly winged eyeliners and hair done gracefully, further emphasizing the gender socialization of women; how they are required to dress up. The theme of men giving in for the sexuality of women is reversed when Shabnam desperately waits for Dr. Tabani to suck her blood. On his arrival, Shabnam lies down on her bed in an inviting posture outlining her curvaceous body and reveals her neck; women objectification. Once again, sexual tension is built as Dr. Tabani goes close to her neck and feeds on her.The difference between the earlier attacks and this once is that Shabnam was willingly letting Dr. Tabani feed on her; she felt pleasure. The photograph below shows her exact position on the bed. (The HotSpot Online) There is also a female child in the narrative who Shabnam intends to feed on. The question here evolves as to why there was not a male child instead of a female child named â€Å"Babyâ⠂¬ ? Baby constantly made relations with Shabnam throughout the course of the film, for example, she teased Shabnam by snatching Dr. Aqil’s photograph from her hand and ran away.The film comes towards a climax where the family discovers the Dracula Shabnam who intended to trick Baby and suck her blood out. Shabnam’s brother confronts her as she convinces him to hug her; she decides to feed on him. This plot comes to an end when Aqil’s brother acts as the macho man and pushes Shabnam away and stabs her to death by a dagger. Patriarchy is promoted via this prospect as well. Nonetheless, a dance sequence is a must input at the pinnacle; this time a female wearing a sequin dress entertaining a group of men by dancing. Most importantly, we notice that the dupatta in many of these dance numbers is eliminated.The movie further progresses with the development of an aim to eradicate the immortals by Shabnam’s brother and Dr. Aqil’s brother. Zibah Khaana or Hell’s Ground, on the other hand, follows a completely different narrative with underlining various subjects such as Gender Roles, Social Concerns and Pakistani Culture. It truly depicts the use of slasher film techniques like showing the world from the eyes of the attacker and use of the â€Å"Final Girl† notion. It is an Urdu-English slasher film directed by Omar Khan in only 30 days and has won many awards at Film Festivals around the Globe. Wikipedia) Zibah Khaana is a journey of five teenage friends who decide to take a short cut through a place known as â€Å"Dozakh Pur† to attend a rock concert. On their way, they face many difficulties such as the toxic water, zombies, a daunting hitchhiker, a witch and a man dressed in a burkha with an ancient spiky weapon which makes the movie a modern gore flick. The diversity in characters chosen makes the film even more exhilarating. The movie begins with a boy having an accident upon seeing a Burkha Man standing i n the middle of the road with a medieval weapon.However, the first victim is massacred with a spade, in comparison to Zinda Laash, where the first victim was a woman attacked by fangs. In the case of Hell’s Ground, woman objectification is hardly given any attention. The film sets the surroundings of Pakistan by showing detailed shots about the culture of Pakistan; daily activities. Gender socialization is highlighted when Roxy, a modern American girl is introduced and specifically asks her maid for a â€Å"pink† colored shirt to wear as she has to spend the night at her friend â€Å"Ayesha’s† house.Pakistani culture is further laid stress upon when the maid reacts in astonishment to Roxy, being a girl and spending the night at a friends’ house. Next, a low class Christian boy, Simon is presented with his parents; where the father uses abusive language to degrade his son. In relation to Zinda Laash, here we experience that the wife; Simon’s mother screams back to her husband in support of her child. Patriarchy is not laid stress upon; it does exist but not to a critical extent in the modern day and this is what Zibah Khaana probably aimed to demonstrate.As the introduction progresses, the audience meets the Final Girl, Ayesha. Her first appearance in a traditional shalwar kameez serving her mother tea immediately clicks; she is different from the previous two characters introduced. Once more, the Pakistani Culture and Gender Bias are tinted when Ayesha seeks permission from her mother to go on a â€Å"school trip† for the night. Receiving a hesitant reaction from her mother and commentary upon how her father would be against this act if he were alive, instantaneously converses with the Pakistani audience as to how girls should not be let out for the night.It emphasizes upon traditional beliefs on gender socialization; girls should spend the night at their own house and not elsewhere. However, there are a lot of modern families in today’s time who are also against girls spending the night elsewhere. In the Pakistani society, it is definitely considered as indecent. Inevitably, Ayesha lies to stay out for the night to go to a rock concert. However, her socialization restricts her from doing things that she has been taught are wrong; for example later in the film all her friends smoke hashish, but she doesn’t.Ayesha also wears an â€Å"Allah Hu Akbar† necklace throughout the course of the film. We also observe, upon exiting the house Ayesha gets rid of her books and grabs a pair of jeans and t-shirt to change later for the trip; Ayesha belongs to a local ordinary family. Later, when she changes her attire from a traditional one to modern, her friends are surprised. Roxy, Ayesha, Simon and another boy OJ meet at the ice cream parlor, â€Å"Hot Spot† and wait for the last character of the film; Vicky to arrive with transport. He brings a van with old fashioned Pakist ani Horror Film Paintings, one of which consisted of a plump woman posing.Pointing out the sexuality in the old times; OJ instantly reacts to the painting of the woman as â€Å"sexy. † This shows that young boys are easily drawn towards sexuality with being open about their desires. The friends continue to head out and on their way are disturbed by a group of transgenders while waiting for the traffic signal to go green. An effective use of queer theory has been applied as the reaction of the teenagers is shown. Transgenders are a huge part of the Pakistani society and are treated with disgrace.They are usually perceived as infuriating while they beg at the traffic signals; the reaction of Vicky and the body language of the transgenders have clearly been captured. As the transgenders approached and touched Vicky, his facial expressions stressed upon irritation and repulsion. Youth culture has been shown via sarcastic conversations amongst the five friends. Roxy is an American -Pakistani modern girl who did not hesitate to smoke hashish in comparison to the Final Girl, Ayesha who denies the offer and feels uncomfortable. Roxy and OJ have a conversation about the socio-economic situation of Pakistan.This was amusing to observe as women in the earlier day were not included in such conversations, and today we see a positive change in the role of women. In Roxy’s imaginary world, she â€Å"can’t wait to get out of this sticky shithole. † Use of abusive language by both the genders has been highlighted, which serves as a change in the norm of our society as all such instances are censored by the censor board of Pakistan. Hell’s Ground, was however, successful in mirroring the reality. From zombies, a freaky hitchhiker and a witch to the serial killer in a burkha, Zibah Khana covers it all.Generally, older women are always associated with darkness, magic and evil. Hell’s ground uses the same ideology and uses an unusual strang e woman in the story who is involved in the village killings. The hitchhiker and the main psychopathic killer Burkhaman which the teenagers come across are the old woman’s children. Earlier in the film, the teenagers have managed to escape from the creepy hitchhiker by throwing him out of the van and crushing him in the process. Motherly instincts are shown when the mother finds her injured son and commands the Burkhaman to cut them up into â€Å"botis. The old woman also continuously addressed the Burkhaman as her daughter; further highlighting the use of queer theory. The Burkhaman is in reality a man, but is continuously referred as a female; this is because the old woman always wanted a daughter but never had one. I believe, the use of such a dogma is an indirect reference to the LGBT community in Pakistan. Throughout the film, the serial killer being the main lead remains silent. According to my analogy, it has been done purposely to lay stress upon the fact that societ y wants the LGBT community to remain silent and act as the underdog of the society.Being a slasher film, the plot revolves around The Final Girl throughout. Before the zombie attacks, she senses incongruity but chooses to ignore and stays determined. This is the most ideal strategy used in the production of slasher films. Her psychological turmoil is continuously tested till the very end where she saves herself. In completion, Ayesha is the only individual left who has not been successfully victimized. Slasher films intend to show women in terror, and Zibah Khana explicitly follows this rule. It shows both the women, Roxy and Ayesha, in terror, running for their lives and screaming.The only difference is that Ayesha is the final girl and remains determined to save herself. Another stratagem used in Zibah Khana is the eradication of all the irrelevant characters one by one leaving the Final Girl as the last victim. This is to build tension amongst the audience to experience the rever sal of gender roles. When Ayesha faces the Burkhaman, she fights back for herself and saves herself by getting hold of a spade and a stone, and smashes the head of the man dressed in a Burkha. There is no man to rescue her; she is her own hero. A hidden side of the innocent girl is shown; she makes sure to kill the attacker.Typically, in slasher films, the Final Girl is given intense strength and masculinity all of a sudden with the urge to protect her rather than being dependent upon a man to save the day. There are many differences we observe between the two films. Firstly, we notice that the first victim in Zinda Laash is a woman where she is shown as a sexual object. However, in Zibah Khana, the first victim is a boy; OJ. Secondly, Zibah Khana adopts the technique of showing the world from the attacker’s eyes to its fullest whereas Zinda Laash hardly makes use of it.Thirdly, another distinctive feature of a slasher film is to show women in terror; building the tension and finally reaching the climax. Zibah Khana renders this trepidation to a great extent in comparison to Zinda Laash, where the women feeling fear is shown minimally in comparison to Zibah Khana. Lastly, the concept of Final Girl is completely ignored in Zinda Laash, assuming that Shabnam was the main girl who was expected to save herself and not enter the realm of death; that too by being stabbed by a man. Zibah Khana, on the other hand, stresses all the attention on the Final Girl, Ayesha.In the end she is the only survivor. Horror film is a genre which has come a long way in the Pakistani Cinema. It started off with showing women as sex objects to the girl becoming the main lead and surviving on her own terms. To conclude, I absolutely agree with Omar Khan, the director of Zibah Khana as he claims, â€Å"Horror is at its most effective when it taps into real fears. Our real fears are connected to things that are sensitive politically and difficult to discuss. † (Telegraph, UK , 2007) 3286 Words Bibliography (n. d. ). Retrieved November 27, 2012, from IMDB: http://www. imdb. om/title/tt0360232/trivia Telegraph, UK. (2007, August 11). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3667146/Zibahkhana-Beware-zombies-wearing-saris. html The Indian Express. (2012, July 2). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from The Indian Express: http://www. indianexpress. com/news/be-scared-very-scared/969038/0 The HotSpot Online. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://www. thehotspotonline. com/moviespot/bolly/reviews/xyz/zindalaash. htm Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zibahkhana

Answer the question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Answer the question - Coursework Example Money also shows the theme of love where giving is far much better than receiving (185). The religious inclination of giving away the grateful self to the giver of life, therefore, giving money shows love. In general, money is a theme in itself. Money is also mentioned when the Sultan who seeks a loan summons Nathan. Saladin is impressed by the wisdom of Nathan. The merchant then offers the loan of part of his gold since he desires to use part of it to pay his debt to Templar. 3. Kohlhaa’s wife attempts to get justice for her husband by delivering a petition to the Elector of Saxony. She is struck down by a guard in the process and later dies of her injuries. Kohlhaas is not a cruel man. He is just a man who seeks the justice he deserves even though some of the means he uses are cruel. He is a persistent man and this causes him a crime when the progress through legal means fails to help him. Kohlhaas, at the beginning of the book, lived with his wife, Elizabeth and five children. He is a caring father conducting a righteous horse-dealing business to provide for his children. As he was about to be executed, in his will, he even appointed a guardian for his five children. The leaders of the society in which Kohlhaas lived considered him a public nuisance and thus the desire to publicly execute him. To some of the people in the public, he was a courageous man in pursuit of justice while others just agreed with the rulers of the land (Watanabe 900). 4. a) There are not a lot of women writers in German Literature before the 20th Century. The themes in the works change into four main currents, which include before World War II, war literature, post war and post wall. Until 1989, there were only three to four countries producing German Literature. Examples are Christa Wolf 1929- from Austria. Wrote No Place On Earth, Cassandra, and A Model Childhood. Ingeborg Bachmann 1926- 1973 from Austria

Philosophy and everyday life are fundamentally incompatible Essay

Philosophy and everyday life are fundamentally incompatible - Essay Example Sometimes, philosophy and everyday life becomes incompatible while at other times, the two become compatible; it is a matter of fortune. Philosophy and everyday life cannot be considered as fundamentally incompatible always. Philosophy takes birth from the past experiences of life. People reflect on their past experiences in order to realize their mistakes and identify ways in which they can be avoided in the future. The principles thus learned make the philosophy of life. It is said that wise people are those who learn from others’ mistakes. This education works fundamentally because the golden principles apply to all kinds of situations. â€Å"It is quite often said that, 'Philosophy and Education are two sides of the same coin'. 'Education is the dynamic side of philosophy'† (Sharma, 2012). Sometimes philosophy and everyday life becomes fundamentally incompatible because of the unpredictability of life. ... Another way in which the philosophy and life are not only fundamentally compatible but also integrally related to each other is the religious beliefs and their impact on life. â€Å"There seems to be some confusion at times over just whether and how religion and philosophy should be distinguished from each other — this confusion is not unjustified because there are some very strong similarities between the two† (Cline, 2012). The philosophy is ingrained in the religious beliefs. Every religion provides a certain set of rules and principles that its followers are obliged to follow. These rules require the individual to deal with the challenges of life with the philosophy proposed by the religion. For example, Muslims have the philosophy that whatever happens in life happens with due willingness and approval of God Almighty. â€Å"[T]he business of philosophy is nothing other than to look into creation and to ponder over it in order to be guided to the Creator -- in othe r words, to look into the meaning of existence† (Halsall, 1998). This principle extends to include every experience of life irrespective of its level of complexity and nature. Application of this philosophy helps Muslims avoid the negative influences of the challenges of life. For example, a man whose newborn baby dies does not mourn the loss to the extent that he might lose his senses because the belief that the loss occurred because of God’s willingness lends the man the patience he requires to come over the grief. Likewise, when a Muslim wins a race, he believes that he won it fundamentally because God willed it, and thus does not show off to others. These principles guide human behavior in a way that one finds a way to deal with the challenges of

Financial Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Case Analysis - Assignment Example Japan Venture Partners provides the knowledge and relationships needed for foreign companies to establish local (Japan) subsidiaries. JVP manages negotiations and structuring of equity investments. JVP uses its relationships with local Japanese corporate and financial investors to help North American companies establish a foothold in the Japanese markets. JVP leans more toward investments from a small group of Japanese corporate and financial investors. Japan Venture Partners offer several financing options to its clients. This organization shares the financial risk while its clients maintain control of the subsidiary. Japan Venture Partners encourages forming, managing, and financing subsidiaries in Japan through the use of local equity or debt financing2. In certain situations IPO's (initial public offerings) are possible in the Japanese market. Local financing in Japan is important in establishing long-term relationships in markets as well as local financial results. Another important aspect of JVP's management of subsidiaries is its ability to keep foreign companies in compliance with local securities laws and ownership structures that are compliant with local laws. It is worthy to note here that an agreement between JVP and Omnicom would be a joint venture. Financing options would be those best suited to a joint venture agreement. 2.1 Identification Of Different Finance Options and Risk As stated earlier there are two main financing options available to Omnicom if they choose to use JVP's services to enter the Japanese market: issuing new equity and issuing new debt. These financing options are further broken down to internal financing and external financing. Internal financing consists of using funds from the parent company, from sister subsidiaries, and subsidiary borrowing with parent guarantee.3 External Financing consists of borrowing from sources in the parent country, borrowing from sources outside the parent country, and local currency debt. The internal choice should minimize worldwide taxes and political risk. The external choice should minimize the cost of funds (foreign exchange risk)4 2.1.1 Issuing New Equity Issuing new equity would raise funds to support Omnicom's entry into the Japanese market. Omnicom's choices are to issue domestic securities or foreign securities (or both). Both types of security's objectives are to maximize the rate of return and minimize risk. Investors in foreign securities face possible currency and political risk (addressed in section 2.4). The securities must appeal to both domestic and foreign portfolio investors to be successful in funding the joint venture. Equity calculations should be forward looking using historical performance records. By selling equities in the foreign markets the company is able to maintain some liquidity. 2.1.2 Issuing New Debt Omnicom also has the option of issuing debt securities to fund its larger presence in the Japanese market. These loans could come from domestic or international sources. Omnicom would enter into agreements (contracts) with the interest rates, interest payments

An essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

An - Essay Example The argument of associating some people with one thing and others with a different thing is not pro-music. This article highlights an individual’s strive to achieve something that many people could only dream of back in the history addressed in the article. The move to engage in rock even when expected not to breaks the usual and points out to the possibility of achieving something unusual. From a neutral point of view, however, black or white does not make bad or good. The most important factor to consider is the interest, drive, and motive behind that music genre. What this means is that both black and white people cannot do whatever and be whomever they want by putting the racial factor aside. The result would be a harmonized society where the dreams, interests, talents, and goals of an individual overrule one’s racial or cultural background. The author makes a significant statement in the article, which notes, â€Å"Listening to rock felt like sneaking past guards of racial barriers† (Douglas, 2013). In light of this statement, it is evident that race, culture, and music are critically intertwined. The statement implies that rock music is not a black people’s thing. The truth of the matter, however, is that music and music genres have no racial boundaries. The misconception therein follows social events that sought to define who does what and why. Such misconceptions and stereotypes only stand to derail musical progress among racial differentials. Music is an art without boundaries. In other words, it should be defined in words that go beyond racial concerns. The white or black factor should not feature anywhere as far as rock is concerned. In light of this article, there is notable difference between the time referred to in the article and today. Back then, racial profiling and potential segregation were evident. Today, however, majority of people have become

LITERTURE REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LITERTURE REVIEW - Essay Example Of all the industries, sectors that require professionals to continuously interact with non-professionals need effective communicators. Industries like hospitality, media, medical, legal and other service sectors need people not only with strong professional backgrounds, but also excellent communication skills. Nursing is a profession where nurses are required to not only assist the doctor in his work, but also ally the fears and apprehensions of the patient and his relatives. Nurses in hospitals become the primary care-givers and spend considerable time with the patients. They would very frequently find themselves in a position where they are the bridge between the specialist doctor and the patient. Thus, their role extends to that of an effective communicator. Various researchers have highlighted the importance of effective communication by nurses in their works. "Effective communication is a fundamental element of nursing care that is integral to the provision of quality patient care." (Ravert et al. 1997, Wilkinson et al. 1999, Bowles et al. cited in McGilton, 2005). By going through the literature available in various nursing journals, it would be easy to narrow down to the topic of my dissertation. Although a lot of research has been done in the field of effective communication as an integral part of the nursing profession, there are many grey areas even today. A lot needs to be done to achieve cent percent efficiency in the field. Surveys, trainings, evaluations, further research would provide a means to fill the lacunae in this field. Process of Literature Search The literature search was carried out through online medical/nursing journals .These have given a wide and varied range of literature on the subject. This literature review has used the results of studies and experiments carried out across the globe. The literature review includes research papers from Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Canada; University of Alberta, Canada; Griffith University, Australia; Communication Disability Center, University of Queensland, Australia; and The Martlets Hospice, Hove, UK. These papers were downloaded from such vastly spread out sources so that there would be very little scope for bias and the review would be a well-balanced one. Under the keyword "effective communication", the review includes topics ranging from complex continuing care facility, palliative nursing, factors that influence communication between people with communication disability and their healthcare providers in hospitals, effective communication as a core competency for collabora tive practice among nurses to effective parent-nurse communication. These articles have been published over a period of nine years from 2001 to 2009.Thus, they include the latest research in the field of effective communication between nurses and patients and ways and means of achieving it. Also, these articles are themselves very well-researched and offer excellent secondary sources of reference. Findings The research studies definitely show that there is a lot of scope for further research and recommendations in the field of effective communication among nurses. The studies covered parent-nurse interactions and patient-nurse interactions under various circumstances and illnesses. The first paper

Identify and assess ways in which globalisation affects the Essay

Identify and assess ways in which globalisation affects the international business environment - Essay Example As a result, businesses have to change according to change in the environment. This will ensure the businesses are making extensive improvement in serving the clients who need their products. To begin with, globalisation has led to provision of cheap labour in the business environment. In the previous decades, migrating from one place to another place was not an easy task. As such, there was minimal migration of people from one country to another. However, with developing globalisation, migration from one country to another has been made easy (Nederveen, 2009:13). As a result, people are migrating from one country to another with a variety of reasons. One of the ostensible reasons for migration is looking for employment. Many people feel that they have a greater chance, especially when comparing the remuneration when working in abroad countries. For example, there has been a recorded influx of immigrants in the United States. The ostensible reason for such immigrants is employment opportunities (French, 2008:9). This has increased the number of job seekers in the country. As such, the businesses and firms in the country have a variety of potential employees to delegate d uties. This leads to critical decision making, especially when employing workers. Many businesses rely on the immigrants, since they provide cheap labour. This is an approach by many businesses, since they save on costs (Sullivan and Kymlicka, 2007:9). This leads to enhanced profitability, as the businesses optimise the cheap labour. While this is positivity to immigrants, it elicits negative sentiments from the natives of the region. For example, many natives in a country may find it easy to get a well-paying job. This is due to the reliance on cheap labour from the immigrants, which has been instigated by globalisation (DiLuzio, 2008:7). Globalisation has led to optimisation and expansion of businesses across international borders (Bertho, Crawford and Fogarty, 2008:14).

A critical review of a story in the press Essay Example for Free

A critical review of a story in the press Essay The story I have chosen to review is about Derek Bond, a 72 year old pensioner from Bristol. Mr Bond was arrested by South African authorities, when he arrived for a family holiday with his wife in South Africa. Mr Bond was detained at the request of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, on suspicion of being one of Americas most wanted criminals; the alleged crime a $4. 8 million telemarketing fraud. Fortunately, for Derek Bond it was a case of mistaken identity. Eventually he was released, with the help of media intervention after a traumatic three week ordeal, locked up, in a South African prison. The story broke in a television news broadcast by the BBC six o clock evening news, on Tuesday 25th February 2003. The story was published by the newspapers the following day, 26th February 2003. The two newspapers I have chosen to compare the story are, The Guardian, and The Daily Mirror. The Guardian is a politically left-of-centre broadsheet newspaper aimed at professional middle- class Britain. The Guardian uses formal vocabulary to report on the facts of a story it is writing about. The Guardian costs 55 pence to buy, and provides, national and international news, policy and politics section, finance, sport, theatre, art reviews, and finally human interest supplements. The Guardian offers extremely good value for money, over an average of 35 pages. In contrast, The Daily Mirror is a politically left-of-centre tabloid newspaper aimed at working- class Britain. The Daily Mirror uses informal vocabulary consisting of common words that are easily understood. This would indicate that its aimed at a lower readership, than The Guardian. The Daily Mirror costs 32 pence to buy, and provides, national news, showbiz gossip, advertising, holiday offers, horoscopes, television listings, finance, and, finally sport. On average, the reader will get 60-70 pages of coverage. ANALYSIS DAY ONE THE GUARDIAN The coverage of the story began on Wednesday 26th February 2003. It was placed on page three of the newspaper on a day when front page news headlines focussed on, War rebels challenge Blair, about the up and coming war on Iraq. The article, in question was headlined, The Names Bond but is he a fraudster wanted by the FBI or a Bristol family man? The headline was printed black on white, with an approximate letter size of one inch. The effect of this is a play on the catchphrase of James Bond 007 spy films, to create mystery and intrigue, and grasp the readers attention. Two feature photographs 5 wide, and 8 long, in size are placed directly beneath the headline. The photograph on the left hand side, of the real fugitive is in black and white print. This image shows him looking very sombre, similar to an FBI, Mugshot photograph. In contrast, the photograph of Mr Bond is in colour, portraying him as a respectable family man dressed in evening attire, smiling and looking very healthy. This obviously shows the contrast in style between the two men. A further two photographs appear directly beneath Mr Bond; one of the police station, in Durban where he was held, and the other a photograph of his three children. Both photographs are in colour and approximately 3 wide and 2 long, in size. The reason behind these two photographs is so the reader is given an insight where Mr Bond was held, and too see the look of pain and disbelief, on the faces, of his children. A sub-heading occupies the top left hand corner, which summarises the whole story. Emotive words have been used, Victim, and Theft, to attract and engage the readers attention. Different styles of typography have been used across the whole page. For example, a bold print dropped capital letter, one inch in size, at the beginning of the opening paragraph, to draw the eye of the reader, to the introduction, and not browse over the story to the end. Directly beneath the photograph of fugitive, Derek Sykes, alias Derek Bond, a different style of typography has been used, to show a comparable section in which comparisons are made between, what Mr Bonds family claim, and what the FBI claim is true. This has been highlighted by the use of a sub-heading in red bold print. In addition to this, bullet points have been used to divide the statements. ANALYSIS DAY ONE THE DAILY MIRROR The coverage of the story also began on Wednesday 26th February 2003. The story was placed on page nineteen of the newspaper, in contrast to The Guardian where the story was placed on page three. This means that The Guardian, considers the story of rather more importance, than The Daily Mirror. Two totally different headlines stole front page coverage, firstly, Is Richard the No 1 VILLAIN in TV soap history? Secondly, MUTINY- 100-plus Labour rebels to defy Blair over Iraq. This is typical of a tabloid news headline; TV soap is given priority over the Iraq crisis. The story began with a bold print capitalised headline, THE NAMES BOND The letters are one inch in size. The headline is similar to The Guardian, but leads the reader on to the next part of the page. The typography of White on Black has been used to highlight two sub-heading statements, which are as follows: Is he a toupee wearing $4. 8m fraudster and one of the FBIS most wanted criminals Or a balding 72-year-old wine-tasting Rotarian who lives in Bristol? Each statement has a letter size of half an inch, and is placed in a 3 squared black box, creating maximum effect of the WOB. Directly beneath the first statement is a round photograph of fugitive Derek Sykes, in black and white, 3 in diameter. The photograph used by The Daily Mirror, is identical to The Guardian, but is scaled down in size and a different shape. In addition, a photograph of Mr Bond is placed directly beneath the second statement. Basically, this reveals who, The Daily Mirror thinks is the real, and false, fugitive. Furthermore, a photograph of Mr Bonds children appears beneath the main headline, which is black and white, and 2 squared in size. The photograph is different to the one used by The Guardian; its in a different place, and in addition is not posed. It seems to have been taken by chance, rather than with consent from the family. ANALYSIS DAY 2 THE GUARDIAN By the following day, Mr Bond had been released as the FBIs mistake was acknowledged. The story on day 2 is given front page priority. A sub- heading in red bold print is placed as a footnote; the footnote reads, Good news for Mr Bond, followed by a brief summary, and the reader is directed to page 3, where the story continues. In addition, to the footnote a cartoon caption appears next to the directional pointer, which is sarcastically laughing at the incompetence, of the FBI.

Carl Rogers Essay Example for Free

Carl Rogers Essay Experience is, for me, the highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other persons ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my experience. It is to experience that I must return again and again, to discover a closer approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in me. -Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person Best Known For: †¢Carl Rogers is best-known for his nondirective approach to treatment known as client-centered therapy. †¢His concept of the actualizing tendency. †¢Developing the concept of the fully-functioning person. Birth and Death †¢Born January 8, 1902 †¢Died February 4, 1987 Timeline of Events: †¢1902 Carl Rogers was born in Oak Park, Illinois. †¢1919 Enrolled at University of Wisconsin. †¢1924 Graduated from University of Wisconsin and enrolled at Union Theological Seminary. †¢1926 Transferred to Columbia. †¢1931- Earned Ph.D. from Columbia. †¢1940 Began teaching at University of Ohio. †¢1946 Elected president of American Psychological Association (APA). †¢1951 Published Client-centered Therapy. †¢1961 Published On Becoming A Person. †¢1980 Published A Way of Being. †¢1987 Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize. Early Life: Carl Rogers enrolled at the University of Wisconsin in 1919 as an agriculture major, but later changed to religion. After attending a 1922 Christian conference in China, Rogers began to question his career choice. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1924 with a bachelors degree in History and enrolled at the Union Theological Seminary before transferring to Teachers College of Columbia University to complete his masters degree. He completed his doctorate at Columbia in 1931. Career: After receiving his Ph.D., Rogers spent a number of years working in academia, holding positions at Ohio State University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Wisconsin. It was during this time that Rogers developed his approach to therapy, which he initially termed nondirective therapy. This approach, which involves the therapist acting as a facilitator rather than a director of the therapy session, eventually came to be known as client-centered therapy. After a number of conflicts within the psychology department at the University of Wisconsin, Rogers accepted a position at the Western Behavioral Studies Institute (WBSI) in La Jolla, California. Eventually, he and several colleagues left WBSI to form Center for Studies of the Person (CSP). Carl Rogers continued his work with client-centered therapy until his death in 1987. Contributions to Psychology: With his emphasis on human potential, Carl Rogers had an enormous influence on both psychology and education. Beyond that, he is considered by many to be one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. More therapists cite Rogers as their primary influence than any other psychologist. As described by his daughter Natalie Rogers, he was a model for compassion and democratic ideals in his own life, and in his work as an educator, writer, and therapist. Selected Works By Carl Rogers: Rogers, C. (1951) Client-centered Therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. (1961) On Becoming A Person: A Therapists View of Psychotheraphy Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. (1980) A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Biographies of Carl Rogers: Cohen, D. (1997) Carl Rogers. A critical biography. London: Constable. Thorne, B. (1992) Carl Rogers. London: Sage. Sources: Rogers, N. Carl Rogers Biography. http://www.nrogers.com/carlrogersbio.html

An Essay on Foraging Societies

An Essay on Foraging Societies Foraging society forms the oldest and the more basic political system of people- the band societies. For more than 1 million years, these people from hunter-gathering societies sustain their living doing this. The contemporary hunter/ gatherers form a small group or population of people with little density and nomadic type of living. Foragers remain egalitarian because they live in close kinship relations with others. They were tied with relations and they formed groups of unity. That is the reason why they exchange commodities or services among each other. The wealth circulated among themselves. This created an egalitarian group, where there were no great differences between people. An example of a foraging society, residing in the Kalahari Desert, is the society of King San or the Bushmen. They gather fruits, berries, melons, and nuts. It is estimated that women gather the food and the overall time spend on gathering is 2 or 3 days out of one week. Men from the tribe spend their spare time in performing rituals, resting or entertaining. They reside in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. An example of a foraging society in the tropical rain forests is the Mbuti Pygmies. In the gathering process everyone of the group is involved, even children- male pick up elephants, wild pigs and other animals, while females gather the vegetation. The third group of foragers dwells in the arctic regions where vegetation was scarce. Eskimos, the local people, hunt sea mammals (whales, seals) and value a lot the undigested vegetation. For that reason, female did not specialize in gathering food. In the summer both males and females gathered larvae and maggots. Fissioning among foraging people eccurs, when under certain conditions( like overpopulation) there is a need of migration of some people, and their fragmentation into smaller groups of people. Sometimes the subsistence food can become scarce, and not enough for the entire population. Infanticide occurs when a mother deliberately kills a newly born child. The reason is that sometimes, woman cannot afford to meet the needs of the baby, or because the baby has some deformed physical features. The fertility rate among foraging people is very low. There may be several reasons for this. Females from the San people are for example very slim and they do not weight more than 80 pounds. This can postpone the menstruation. Their puberty comes later, the average age is 16 years-old, compared to the average age in the US- 12years-old. Most of the foraging groups do not differ in their economic state. They share the same economic system based on reciprocity, the exchange and sharing of goods, food, and services. It is called a Reciprocal Economic system. Most commonly, families exchange their food with other families from the group. It is defined that there are three types of reciprocity. The first one is called Generalized Reciprocity, which is based on the assumptions that there is no return in the exchange. In other words, people do not expect to have a return for they favor, or exchange of goods or services. For example, it is even insulting among some foraging group to say thank you, after they have given you food. We also have in our societies Generalized Reciprocity- when your parents buy you clothes or give you pocket money, they do not expect you to return anything to them back. This system creates more mutual trust and bounds better kin and relations. It also strengthens the egalitarian status of people. The second type of Reciprocity is the Balanced Reciprocity. It involves an exchange with immediate return. This system is more like bargain and trade. It is used by groups of people who in a far distance between them. In modern foraging groups this reciprocity is not very common, because most of them exchange values and goods among kin groups only. The third type is the Negative Reciprocity, which involves no reciprocity of all. It is an attempt to get an exchange or a deal without returning anything. According to Lee and DeVores work, foraging people like the San are affluent in terms of their allocated time spent on finding subsistence. They estimated that foraging people easily find food enough for a couple of days, and that foraging people have adequate and well balanced diet. They called them Leisure and Affluent people. They found that the average death rate is not high and the average age of people from those societies is the same as people from more developed industrialized societies. According to another anthropologist Sahlins, foraging people did not accumulate goods and food, because of their nomadic living, and that makes them not so materially obsessed. However, recent studies challenged the hypothesis mentioned above. They found that these facts to not apply to every forage group. For example in the rain forests people could not easily find some certain type of food immediately and spend more than 30 , 40 hours a week, searching for it. Furthermore, it is estimated that other activities, such as making weapons or preparing the food also involves much time. Those recent studies do not challenge entirely the previous hypothesis, but expand the relativity that comes from the geographic locations of people. The social organization of foraging people is based on kinship, marriage, family, gender and age. The family can be Nuclear, which includes parents and their immediate offspring. Band includes several Nuclear Families. A band can include from 20 to 100 individuals, depending on the environment capacity of subsistence of those people. Cross cousin marriage appears when a male is married to the fathers sisters daughter or his mothers brothers daughter. Patrilocal residence- when the married couple resides with the males father. Restricted marital exchange is the combination of patrilocal residence and cross cousin marriage, where two groups exchange the females to tight the kinship alliances. Brideservice is when male resides in a females band for a period of time. Matrilocal residence- the husband lives with the brides family. Inuit tradition is the wife exchange where male individuals have sexual intercourse with each others wives. Egalitarian status of men is more common than the equal status of females in foraging group, compared to people from other societies. Patriarchal- when male dominates in political and social aspects. Gender and Age are important factors in evaluating the labor division. They vary between societies to societie and determine the social stratification and hierarchy. The warfare and violence in modern foraging societies differ from the past foraging socities. There are now lower at rate. Most of the problems that individual resolves are connected to relations between adultery.

Artificial Intelligence :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Artificial Intelligence "My name is Dorothy," said the girl, "and I am going to the Emerald City, to ask the Oz to send me back to Kansas."   "Where is the Emerald City?" he enquired; "and who is Oz?"   "Why, don't you know?" she returned in surprise.   "No, indeed; I don't know anything. You see, I am stuffed, so I have no brains at all," he answered, sadly.   "Oh," said Dorothy; "I'm awfully sorry for you."   "Do you think," he asked, "If I go to the Emerald City with you, that the great Oz would give me some brains?"   "I cannot tell you," she returned; "but you may come with me, if you like. If Oz will not give you any brains you will be no worse off than you are now."   -L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful World of Oz1 As Dorothy and the Scarecrow begin their search for a "brain," we can catch a glimpse of an issue that has been bouncing around our culture for centuries: can man make a machine think? While Baum's story does not focus on the Scarecrow as the possibility of a thinking machine, he does raise the question of whether a human brain is necessary for thinking. This question of the brainÕs vitality is first exposed to our culture with what many literary critics feel is the birth of Science Fiction, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.  Ã‚   Frankenstein is the story of dead body parts being brought to life through the use of electricity. After witnessing the creature's action readers are left asking if the human brain is sufficient for thinking or if there is more to thinking than a brain? Other Science Fiction writers took this to a different level and "created" the robot, a non-human thinking machine. Frankenstein is on the cusp of humans and non-humans and the beginning of the debate of what it means to artificially think. These imagined ideas caused others to think about making these ideas a reality. Marvin Minsky, one of the original scientists involved in establishing artificial intelligence, cites Science Fiction as one of his major motivators to enter the world of AI. It was not until the summer of 1956 that scientists felt that it might be possible to write non-fiction accounts of robots at some point in the near future.  Ã‚   During the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College, scholars, who would later be considered the founding fathers of

Individuals and Society :: essays research papers

American social institutions treat individuals fairly because people are a threat to themselves, they are a danger to others and without a judicial system there would be mass chaos. Delusion is the main theme in the early twentieth century in â€Å"The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber when Walter is thrown back and forth between reality and a daydream state. Twenty five years later, Ray Bradbury, presents the schizophrenic views of Albert Brock in the story â€Å"The Murderer.† The most sanely treated patient, however, is seen in the late twentieth century between Doctor Mark Powell and Probe in Gene Brewer’s K-Pax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Back it up, Mac! Look out for that Buick!† were only some of the preaching’s Mr. Mitty heard during his state of inattentiveness nearly causes several accidents. Another clearly portrayed view that Americans are a danger to themselves is shown by Brewer. Probe went through a tragic event that manifested itself through an altered state of reality and eventually left him as a mindless vegetable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A risk to others is reinforced by Brock after being arrested for â€Å"murdering† electronics. â€Å"And did you realize in committing these crimes that the wrist radio, the broadcasting transmitter, the phone, the bus radio, the office intercom, all were rented or were some-one else’s property?† Albert reinforces his punishment by boldly stating â€Å"I would do it all over again.† Another high offender to others is clearly shown by the pleas of Mrs. Mitty to slow the car down while Walter, in his unmindful state, drives recklessly down the road.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Without courts or a judicial system, according to Bradbury, there would be â€Å"Pandemonium, riot, and chaos!† This is shown when Albert brings a portable diathermy machine onto a public bus carrying citizens. With a complete lack of concern for others well being Mr. Brock carried this event out. Without due process, Porter’s killing of another man would never have been discovered. After many counseling sessions between Probe and Dr.

Carter Cleaning Company Essay

1. Jennifer asks that you make a list of five specific HR problems you think Carter Cleaning will have to grapple with. 1. High Turnover. Carter Cleaning Company will more than likely face the HR issue of high turnover because of the nature of the business. Most service industry/retail jobs result in high turnover rates due to the demanding workload and hours in return for little compensation. Since the laundromat/ dry cleaning business does not require skilled labor, the employees are not committed to the development of their careers and therefore are much more willing to look for better employment. 2. Lack of training. Due to the nature of the employment, the workers are unskilled laborers and therefore lack any training whatsoever in regards to the business functions with the exception of their daily responsibilities. 3. Employees not working at their peak performance. Since the employees are not skilled laborers they therefore lack drive and determination to work at their top levels of performance. They may not necessarily be unmotivated to work at all but they would more than likely be inclined to do the bare minimum to collect a paycheck. 4. Grievance/employee dissatisfaction. Service/retail jobs function under very similar qualifications that tend to arouse discontent and disenchantment: pay, time/hours, and work-load. I do not expect that Carter Cleaning Company will be immune to this. 5. Economic trends. It is my experience that service industries, especially those not considered a necessity, tend to be subject to economic trends such as booms and depressions. A laundromat/dry cleaning business is not overwhelmingly considered a must-have and therefore will be subject to changes in the economy and dispensable or spendable cash. 2. And she asks, what would you do first if you were me, Jennifer Carter? If I were Jennifer Carter the first thing I would do as a trouble shooter/ problem solver would be to conduct a performance appraisal on three different levels to gauge any problem areas that need attention: at the store level for profitability, at the management level to discern effective/ineffective management practices, and at the employee level to determine employee satisfaction and productivity levels. Although these three levels are interconnected in business practice, examining each independently first would allow for easier  judgment of problematic issues and areas that need remedying. Jennifer Carter could use this information to diagnose and cure the potential for loss of profits, inefficiency, and customer dissatisfaction at any store that showed these symptoms as well as implement not only corrective but preventative HR practices across the board. She could also train managers who needed the redirection in their practices regarding basic managerial responsibilities, employee relations, or any other issues deemed needing adjustment as well as reward exceptional managers based on their assessments. Furthermore, Ms. Carter could evaluate employees who showed potential for increased responsibility and promotion as well as provide useful training for those who demonstrated a lack of skill. An evaluation and appraisal overall would be beneficial because there is always room for improvement in any business, none excluded. By recognizing problem areas and areas of success steps could be taken to fix those problems and also expand upon the things that are going right.

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essay

There has been a lot of discussion and consideration when it comes to the red or blue ocean approach to marketing strategies for businesses both already established and newly founded. Red oceans refer to the known market space – all the industries in existence today. In red oceans, industry boundaries are clearly delineated and accepted, and the competitive rules of the game are known. Companies try to outperform their rivals to grab a greater share of existing demand, usually through marginal changes in offering level and price. As the market space gets crowded, prospects for profits and growth are reduced products become commodities, and cut-throat competition turns the red ocean bloody. On the other hand, the blue ocean approach uses a strategy to create new demand. Therefore, under the reconstructionist view, attention shifts from supply to demand, from a focus on competition to a focus on value innovation―that is, the creation of innovative value that will unlock new demand. With this new focus in mind, it is possible to systematically look across established boundaries of competition and reconstruct existing elements in different markets to create all new market space. (Kim, 2005) Blue Ocean Strategy & Importance Competing in overcrowded industries is no way to sustain high performance. The real opportunity is to create blue oceans of uncontested market space, making the competition irrelevant. A blue ocean strategic move can create brand equity that lasts for decades. A blue ocean is created in the region where a company’s actions favorably affect both its cost structure and its value proposition to buyers. Cost savings are made from eliminating and reducing the factors an industry competes on. Buyer value is lifted by raising and creating elements the industry has never offered. Over time, costs are reduced further as scale economies kick in, due to the high sales volumes that superior value, without the competition generates. Blue Ocean Move The blue ocean strategy is one of the latest business ideas in the world. Even though it was created recently, it immediately gained recognition among experts, and presidents and directors of many companies. Blue ocean strategy is a strategy that differs significantly from most business strategies. Blue ocean, denotes all the industries not in existence today—the unknown market space, where there is no current competition. In blue oceans, demand is created rather than fought over. There is opportunity for growth that is both profitable and rapid. Blue ocean is an analogy to describe the wider, deeper potential of market space that is not yet explored. EBay would be a good example of blue ocean strategy. EBay was the first of its kind to initiate a service of online auctions reaching an enormous target market that had never been targeted before in this manner by offering an online auctioning service to customers from the convenience of their homes. Alternative Red Ocean Move Red oceans are all the industries in existence today—the known market space. In the red oceans, industry boundaries are defined and accepted, and the competitive rules of the game are known. Here companies try to outperform their rivals to grab a greater share of product or service demand. Red ocean strategy is designed to gain the greatest possible number of customers and to sell as many of their products. Companies that select this strategy do not create a new service without competition, they advertise their products in every way possible. The fight between competing companies is constant. Some of these companies are trying to create exclusive product lines to increase the range of their brand but never consider stepping outside of their comfort zone and bringing a new strategy to the table by creating a service that has not yet been marketed in order to increase profit without the worries of competition. An example of a company that uses the red ocean strategy would be Nik e. Nike jumped into the market ready to compete amongst already existing competitors not on a mission to create a service that was without competition. Once Nike was in the market and above its competition, it could now venture into other ocean strategies to continue to be innovative, creative, and provide a service to their current market as well as look for services to uncharted markets. Red Ocean  Pros: If you are a successful company like Nike, you are already at the top of the chain and your services are still continuously sought after; so providing a new service that doesn’t currently exists doesn’t necessary mean profit and sustainability. Nike wasn’t the first athletic shoe provider. There was competition that existed before Nike became known. Nike was able to enter a market using the red ocean strategy approach and add creativity and innovation to an athletic industry that was already established and climb to the top without the blue ocean approach. Red Ocean Cons: As the market space gets crowded, prospects for profits and growth are reduced. Products become commodities or niche, and cutthroat competition turns the red ocean bloody. Hence, the term red oceans. The red ocean, players want to produce products and provide services cheaper and better than the competition but that doesn’t always mean the product they offer are in-fact better than products of their competitors. Conclusion A company must master its traditional markets using conventional strategic planning tools. It will always be a competitive advantage to successfully incorporate the red ocean approach and beating the competition. Red oceans will always matter and will always be a fact of business life. Businesses that tend to only focus on the red ocean approach must accept the key constraining factors – limited terrain and the need to beat an enemy in order to succeed – and to deny the distinctive strength of the business world: the capacity to create a new service and gain a new market space that is uncontested. In order to sustain high performance, companies must create their own blue oceans, and make the competition irrelevant! Even though the blue ocean strategy is uncharted territory, and no measurements or feedback exists, it can be considered a risky approach that’s why many businesses today, get in business using one approach and sustain business or rebrand their business with the implementation of both strategic approaches. (Kim, 2005) References Blue Ocean Strategy. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.blueoceanstrategy.comKim, W. C. (2005). BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cwe/citation_generator/web_01_01.asp

American Vegetarianism How It Became a Subculture?

How it became a subculture? American vegetarianism has existed for more than 200 years and the American Vegan Society was founded February 1960, in Malaga New Jersey. Throughout recorded history there have been individuals and groups teaching the complete non-use of animal-source food and clothing. The practice of this lifestyle achieved varying degrees of success, and some failures. Veganism was defined and the first Vegan Society formed in 1944 in England. This society was to become the inspiration for others to follow. In the U. S. , Dr. Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz formed a Vegan Society in California (1948 to 1960). When H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (1960), it became a dynamic force spreading the vegan message at a propitious time in world history. Highlights of the American Vegan Society's early activities were: a Coast to Coast Crusade across the U. S. and into Canada 1961, North Atlantic Lecture Tour (Iceland, Britain, Europe) 1965, Round the World Lecture Tour 1967 and 1968. The society's magazine was published under the title Ahimsa 1960 to 2000. In 2001 the name was changed to American Vegan and is quarterly. American Vegan Society Annual Conventions have been held in New Jersey and other states, including New York, Colorado, California, Oregon, and Washington. In 1995 American Vegan Society hosted the 8th International Vegan Festival in San Diego California. Local and regional vegetarian societies have shared responsibilities for some of these events. These conventions have provided a valuable forum. Since 1989 videos of convention proceedings have taken the vegan message into living rooms across the USA, and a few years later, around the world. Since 1969 American Vegan Society has held educational programs, including cooking classes, at its Malaga New Jersey headquarters. The present day vegan community in the U. S. involves many individuals and organizations. Besides the American Vegan Society, there are Gentle World, Vegan Outreach, Vegan Action, and vegan. com. A vegan diet is promoted by other organizations such as Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, the National Health Association and Institute for Plant Based Nutrition. Increasingly, animal rights organizations, anti-vivisection societies, and farm animal reform and rescue groups have advocated the compassionate vegan lifestyle. Vegetarian Resource Group has provided an abundance of vegan information since the mid 1980s. Of strategic importance were health studies done on vegans in England, and in the U. S. on vegans within the Seventh Day Adventist Church, and at The Farm, Summertown Tennessee. They proved the adequacy and advantages of the diet that, combined with growth of nutritional knowledge, helped others to avoid potential pitfalls. Very helpful also were the experiences of U. S. followers of Dr. Herbert M. Shelton and others in their rediscovery of ancient truths about human health. A history of veganism would not be complete without commenting on the health food stores (many run by Seventh Day Adventists) that have sustained vegans with foods outside the mainstream through the years. There is also an increasing number of food products now available that have added the convenience factor needed to persuade increasing numbers of people to go vegan.

Explore the theme of danger with reference to the extracts from ‘Heart of Darkness’ and ‘Blood River’

Joseph Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’ and Tim Butcher’s ‘Blood River’ both explore the theme of danger throughout. This is achieved through Conrad and Butcher’s choice of lexis. The extract from ‘Heart of Darkness’ is taken from chapter eleven. In this extract, Marlow and the rest of the crew of the steamboat are being attacked by the natives of the Congo. The extract from ‘Blood River’ is taken from chapter ten (Bend in the River).In this extract, Butcher describes how a child pickpocket is being attacked by an African mob. Both novels are written in 1st person, but ‘Heart of Darkness’ is fiction, whereas ‘Blood River’ is non-fiction. ‘Heart of Darkness’ was published in 1899 and ‘Blood River’ was published in 2007. The characterisation and narrative methods of the extracts are quite similar. In ‘Heart of Darkness’, Joseph Conrad gives a vivid image of how brutal the natives in the Congo might of been: â€Å"†¦Ã‚  the arrows came in swarms. They might have been poisoned†¦ †This suggests to the reader that in the Congo, nobody is fully aware of the harm they cause to others or cares about the consequences of their actions as long as it does not affect them and highlights the dangerous nature of the Congo environment. In ‘Blood River’, Tim Butcher gives a vivid image of violent life in the Congo: â€Å"†¦ the mob parted and there was the boy, with his arms twisted behind his back†.This implies to the reader of how punishment is taken very seriously in the Congo, even when it is a small child being involved and shows just how danger is so common, it comes naturally to the natives of the Congo. The contexts of the extracts are very different to each other. In ‘Heart of Darkness’, Conrad expresses to the reader that when the novel was published in 1899, life in the Congo was qu ite dangerous, so when Marlow is attacked by the natives, while on the steamboat, it came as a surprise for him, although the danger was known to him: â€Å"Arrows by Jove!  We were being shot at! †The use of the word ‘Jove’ emphasises to the reader that the attack came as a shock for Marlow and highlights the natives and their reaction to foreigners. In ‘Blood River’, Butcher expresses to the reader that at the moment, life in the Congo is different to what it was half a century ago, in the sense that people know more because of travel, news, etc, but the Congo itself has become more brutal and dangerous: â€Å"†¦ I had witnesses numerous times during my stint covering Africa†¦African mob justice was a terrifying thing. † This implies to the reader that the Congo has changed dramatically over time and that violence is now a common thing to occur. The contextual factors of the two texts are very different as they were written in di fferent times and so the historical backgrounds behind them are different. For example, when ‘Heart of Darkness’ was written, black men were called ‘niggers’ and it was thought to be normal to do so back then, but nowadays it would be an offence.In ‘Blood river’, Bucher mentions how violent mobs is a thing he has â€Å"witnessed numerous times†, but half a century ago was a very rare thing to find in the Congo. The genres of the texts are slightly different. ‘Heart of Darkness’ has a sense of danger and adventure throughout most of the novel: â€Å"The side of his head hit the wheel twice, and the end of what appeared a long cane clattered round and knocked over a little camp-stool. † This suggests to the reader that the novel has elements of danger in it and highlights the dangerous environment of the Congo.‘Blood River’ also has the same elements of danger imprinted in the novel, but is presented in an informational manner: â€Å"In Swahili, toleka means ‘let’s go’, so shouting ‘toleka, toleka’, I urged my peddler to find the Cohydro offices. †This suggests to the reader that the genre of Butcher’s novel is adventurous, but is laid out in a factual manner that might not be received in the same way as Conrad’s exciting manner of expressing danger in the Congo. The social, moral and political agendas of both texts are very different in the sense that the authors treat certain situations different morally.In ‘Heart of Darkness’, Marlow shows that he has morals when he navigates the steamboat to safety and tries to help his fellow crew members: â€Å"He stood before the wide opening, glaring, and I yelled at him to come back, while I straightened the sudden twist out of that steamboat. † This suggests to the reader that Marlow is heroic as he saves many lives during the attack on the steamboat. In ‘Blood R iver’, however, Tim Bucher seems to abandon his moral standards even though to help people in the Congo is considered pointless: â€Å"I was too preoccupied by my own emergency to worry about the boy’s plight.†This too emphasises the futility of the crisis in the Congo and highlights the dangerous nature of the Congo environment. The features of language change in the extracts are only slight. In ‘Heart of Darkness’, when Marlow and the steamboat crew are attacked by the natives, the language seems archaic to a modern reader in the sense that the language used is no longer in everyday use, but sometimes used to impart an old-fashioned flavour: â€Å"Arrows by Jove!†The use of the word ‘Jove’ shows the reader that the novel is very old-fashioned as nowadays we would use the expression ‘Oh my God! ’ instead. In ‘Blood River’, Butcher frequently uses modern language when explaining the dangers of the Congo: â€Å"The boy’s mouth was bleeding and the side of his face was squashed flat on the uneven concrete of the forecourt. It was a scene I had witnessed numerous times during my stint covering Africa.†The use of the contemporary word ‘stint’, which means ‘job’, suggests to the reader that Butcher is trying to sound more modern when explaining the brutality of the Congo and the dangerous nature of the Congo environment, and the casualness of the word highlights that violence is quite commonplace in the Congo. It could also suggest that Butcher is at ease when discussing African violence as he has come across so much of it in the past. In conclusion, both extracts of ‘Heart of Darkness’ and ‘Blood River’ explore the theme of danger in similar ways, but have different effects on the readers.For example, Conrad fictional writing, although based on true events, could be seen by the reader as just fiction and dangerous aspect s of the novel might not be as taken across as important as Butcher’s real expedition of the Congo and the dangers it contains. Both Conrad and Butcher have shown their own views of the Congo very carefully within the texts, to an extent where the reader can see the views of both authors as their own, and allowing them to see how dangerous the Congo environment really is.

American Indians Essay Research Paper American IndiansThroughout

American Indians Essay, Research Paper American Indians Throughout the history of the United States, American Indians have be treated ill. Ever since the white work forces crossed the Atlantic ocean 200 old ages ago till the mid 1900 s, the hapless intervention and violent death of Indians neer ceased. US Policies passed between the Revolutionary War and the mid 1900 s hurt American Indians and set them at an utmost disadvantage. Before the Revolutionary War, the first intimation that the relationship between the American Indians and the white people would be rocky was when the British ordered the Proclamation of 1763. It prohibited any white colonists to settle West of the Appalachian Mountains because of legion struggles with the American Indians. After the Revolutionary War, the construct of Manifest Destiny, to spread out the state to the Pacific Ocean and perchance Canada and Mexico, motivated many Americans to look beyond their districts. After the Revolutionary War, they successfully gained all the land E of the Appalachian Mountains, from the St. Lawrence River to the 31st analogue. When the United States signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, it gave them the Great Lakes and Mississippi. The United States were able to spread out even more after they were able to press the Native Americans to give up their lands in the Northwest District in 1784 and 1785. In 1802, all the provinces had given up their districts to the federal authorities as portion of the new Constitution. Most significantly, when North Carolina gave up its districts, it stopped doing payments that were guaranteed to the Indians in earlier pacts. The United States were to pay off the debt, but they failed to make so. A big part to the enlargement of the United States was acquired through the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803. Then in 1819, Florida was purchased from the Spaniards. Texas freed itself from Mexico in 1845, became an independent province, and joined the United States. Last, in 1848 the last major land the United States obtained was Californ ia and New Mexico from the Mexican Cession. On the seventy-fifth birthday of the state, the United States had fulfilled its Manifest Destiny and its boundary lines crossed the full North American Continent ( Jones, Pg. 9-12 ) . The problem for the American Indian began here. With all the new land acquired, many white Americans headed to the West and mid-west to settle. During these colonies, the Indians got in the manner. The colonists were taking their land off from them and the white colonists killed the Indians to acquire rid of their jobs easy. In the heads of many white Americans, the best manner to work out the job with Indians interfering was to kill off them. The first major conflict that erupted between the Indians and the Americans over land ownership and Indian intervention from the Americans occurred during the War of 1812. In 1813, the Indians along with their Alliess the British, fought the Americans at the Battle of the Thames River. Here Tecumseh died. Tecumseh was the leader of the Shawnee Tribe who besides led and united many Indian folks to drive the Americans off of their land. After he died, the Indians lost an of import leader and hence lost their sense of way and stopped contending fo r awhile. In 1828, Andrew Jackson, the war hero who defeated the Creeks and British became the new President of the United States. Andrew Jackson was considered a frontier adult male. The Americans on the frontier looked up to him and expected him to hold a no-nonsense policy toward the Indians ( Jones, Pg. 19 ) . The Cherokee Indians were the first Indians to be a victim of the Jackson policy. At the clip, the Cherokees were the most comfortable Indian state. The white colonists in the country began to bust the Cherokees. The federal authorities did nil about this. But when the Cherokees retaliated against the white colonists, the Cherokees were tried and punished badly. Finally, the Cherokees got fed up and appealed to the federal authorities and worked ferociously to maintain the pact duties that required the United States federal authorities to protect the Cherokees and their lands. But the federal authorities said that the white colonists who took their land were excessively legion to be moved and therefore were unable to assist the Indians. So alternatively of following the pact with the Cherokees, the federal authorities under the Jackson disposal took land off from them. The Cherokees brought their instance to the Supreme Court to seek justness. Rather, the United States Senate ratified the Treaty of New Echota and President Jackson signed the pact into jurisprudence leting the authorities to take all Cherokees from their land ( Satz Pg. 20 ) . This determination by President Jackson was the first in a series of monolithic Indian remotion ( Gilbert Pg.23 ) . Finally, the Cherokees were forced to fly to Indian Land, besides known as Oklahoma. After the successful remotion of the Cherokees, the federal authorities decided to take the Choctaws, Creeks, and Chickasaws to Oklahoma every bit good. The Indians were harassed by the Whites and suffered from diseases while going to Oklahoma on the trail known as the Trails of Tears ( Gilbert Pg. 27,28 ) . In 1832, US troop s chased the Sauk state across the Mississippi River. They killed at least 200 Sauks. As a consequence of this inhumane act, the federal authorities gave the staying Sauks their ain land in Iowa. Most of the remotions made by the United States authorities were conducted without believing about the comfort or wellness of the Indians. Most of the clip, they were conducted with ferociousness ( Jones, Pg. 23 ) . The Indians were forced to walk 100s of stat mis because the authorities did non supply them with good transit. Besides, the United States authorities promised lodging, nutrient, farm supplies, and farm animal to get down them out at their new locations, but they turned out to be false promised and hopes for the Indians. In most instances, the Indians were normally dropped off in the wilderness and left there to last on hardly nil. Other times when they reached their new locations, before they knew it, they were being removed to another location. This procedure was repeated over and over until the Westward Movement. The Westward Movement caused even more problems for American Indians. The Westward Movement began after gold was found in California. Many colonists and gold diggers traveled to the West for many different grounds. The authorities prepared to seek and forestall any struggle and confrontation between the Whites and the Indians before it happened by directing the US Army to modulate. They built garrisons and forts for this ground. Army functionaries were sent west to do understandings and pacts with the Indians. Besides, their occupation was to do certain that the pacts and understanding were non to be violated by both parties. From 1778-1871, the federal authorities made 389 pacts with the Indian states. The conditions of the pacts were that if the United States were to take any of the Indians billion estates of land, so the authorities would pay for the land and give them one-year rentes and supplies. Besides, the Indians would ever hold land for themselves. These lands would be free from revenue enhancement. Unfortunately, the pacts were frequently broken. Settlers ignored the pacts and invaded and settled on Indian district guaranteed under the pact. The Fort Laramie Treaty, which was signed in 1868 is an illustration of a broken pact ( Utley Pg.61,86 ) . The Indians were given sole rights to the sacred land of the Black Hills. Then in 1874, when gold was discovered at that place, the white gold diggers and mineworkers ignored the pact and invaded the Indian district. When these colonists invaded their land and the authorities did non make anything about it, the Indians took action and attacked the colonists. The victim of these Indian foraies felt that the authorities should be protecting them from the Indians, because they felt they had non done anything incorrect. Again, the authorities did non make anything. So this clip the colonists retaliated against the Indians by themselves. Besides killing guiltless Indians and occupying their land, the white colonists showed no regard for the land. They destroyed the grass and tree, about killed all the game for pleasance that the Indians depended on for endurance. By 1871, tenseness a nd struggle between the Indians and the colonists grew even stronger. The white people wanted the authorities to give them entree to Indian land while the Indians wanted the authorities to maintain their word, follow the pact, and protect their lands. In order to run into the demands of the white people, the federal authorities decided to hold a new policy. The policy was to hold no more pacts with the Indians. They were no longer be considered as independent states. Hostile Indians were to be captured by the US ground forces and set in Indian reserves. If they resisted to travel to a reserve they were considered hostile. To do it easier to direct all the Indians to the reserves, the authorities urged white huntsmans and sportswomans to kill off the American bisons. This was the most of import game that the Indians depended on to populate. Between 1872 and 1874, white huntsmans and sportswomans killed about four million American bisons, go forthing about 150,000 ( Brash Pgs. 62, 66,67 ) . Reservation life was awful for the Indians. Most of the Indian reserve were wasteland. They were inhabitable. Indians were frequently expected to farm on these barren, which was rather impossible. Indian Reservations became crowded as more and more American indians were being pushed and moved off their ain land. Another job was that the Indians were frequently sent to reserves that were non suited for them. For illustration, the Navajos, Indians who live in the hot desert, were sent to a reserve across the state to Florida. And the Sioux Indians, Indians who lived in the cool fields, were sent to reserves in the desert of New Mexico. The hapless and crowded conditions on the reserves caused lifelessly diseases to distribute and caused 1000s of deceases on the reserves. Many of the Indians became fed up with reserve life, and left. Many folks formed impermanent confederations with each other to salvage themselves. They were successful at the Battle of Bighorn in 1876 where they defeated General George Custer. Even though they were winning, this merely angered the white people even more. Armies were doubled as a consequence of this. As they lost conflicts, they found it more hard to contend on ( Billard Pg. 338-339 ) . Every clip they were defeated, all their properties would be destroyed. They would hold been lucky to populate. In 1890, Chief Sitting Bull and his 300 guiltless staying Indians were massacred by the US Army in South Dakota. As a consequence of this, many Indian folks gave up hope and surrendered. At the beginning of the twentieth, there were about 250,000 Indians in the United States. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was formed under the Department of War. The duty of the agency was to see that the best involvement of the Indians were served and to make up ones mind what those involvements were. But the Bureau was made up of white males. They were frequently bias towards the Indians. This hurt the Indian civilization and future coevalss because now the end of the agency and federal authorities was to educate all Indians and do them bury their old ways and traditions. Slowly, they were seeking to wipe out the Indian traditions and civilization off. The new coevalss of Indians were taken off to get oning school. They were non allowed to talk their native linguistic communication. They were forced to pattern Christianity. They were told that their Indian heritage were non approved by American society ( Billard Pg. 341-384 ) . As of today, Indians still live on reserves. They do non hold to pay revenue enhancements. The American Indians today are good treated. They are considered Americans today and have equal rights merely as any other ethic groups in the United States. Although the American Indians are treated every bit today, they were non treated every bit for the past 200 old ages. The white work forces came across the sea and invaded their land. All they could make was ticker and seek to contend back, but that did non work for them. The future coevalss were greatly affected by this because the sad events did non let them to hold every bit many chances and easiness to larn about their roots and tradition.